Operators in JavaScript

Arithmetic operator:

Operator	Name	Example	Result
+	Addition	5 + 3	8
-	Subtraction	10 - 4	6
*	Multiplication	6 * 2	12
/	Division	9 / 3	3
%	Modulus (Remainder)	10 % 3	1
**	Exponentiation	2 ** 3	8
++	Increment	let a = 5; a++	6
--	Decrement	let b = 7; b--	6

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Bitwise Operators:

Operator	Name	Example	Result (Binary)	Result (Decimal)
&	Bitwise AND	5 & 3	0101 & 0011	0001 (1)
|	Bitwise OR	5 | 3	0101 | 0011	0111 (7)
^	Bitwise XOR (Exclusive OR)	5 ^ 3	0101 ^ 0011	0110 (6)
~	Bitwise NOT	~5	~0101	1010 (-6)
<<	Left Shift	5 << 1	0101 << 1	1010 (10)
>>	Right Shift (Sign-preserving)	5 >> 1	0101 >> 1	0010 (2)
>>>	Zero-fill Right Shift	-5 >>> 1	Depends on 32-bit binary representation	Large positive number

Explanation:

• Bitwise AND (&): Performs AND on each bit. Only 1 & 1 results in 1.
• Bitwise OR (|): Performs OR on each bit. At least one 1 results in 1.
• Bitwise XOR (^): Performs XOR on each bit. If bits are different, result is 1.
• Bitwise NOT (~): Inverts bits (1s become 0s and vice versa). Uses two's complement for negative values.
• Left Shift (<<): Shifts bits left, filling 0s at the right.
• Right Shift (>>): Shifts bits right, keeping the sign bit for negative numbers.
• Zero-fill Right Shift (>>>): Shifts bits right, always filling 0s (does not preserve sign).

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Comparison Operators:

Operator	Name	Example (a = 5, b = "5")	Result
==	Equal to	a == b	true
===	Strict equal to (type + value)	a === b	false
!=	Not equal to	a != b	false
!==	Strict not equal to	a !== b	true
>	Greater than	a > 3	true
<	Less than	a < 3	false
>=	Greater than or equal to	a >= 5	true
<=	Less than or equal to	a <= 4	false

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JavaScript Special Operators 🚀

JavaScript provides several special operators that go beyond basic arithmetic and logical operations. These operators enhance functionality and make code more concise.

1. Ternary Operator (? :)

• A shorthand for if...else statements.
• Syntax:

  condition ? expressionIfTrue : expressionIfFalse;

• Example:

  let age = 18;
  let message = age >= 18 ? "You can vote!" : "You cannot vote.";
  console.log(message); // Output: You can vote!

2. Spread Operator (...)

• Expands (spreads) elements of an array or properties of an object.
• Example with Arrays:

  let arr1 = [1, 2, 3];
  let arr2 = [...arr1, 4, 5, 6]; // Combines arrays
  console.log(arr2); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

• Example with Objects:

  let obj1 = { name: "Alice" };
  let obj2 = { ...obj1, age: 25 };
  console.log(obj2); // Output: { name: "Alice", age: 25 }

3. Rest Operator (...)

• Collects multiple elements into an array.
• Example:

  function sum(...numbers) {
    return numbers.reduce((acc, num) => acc + num, 0);
  }
  console.log(sum(1, 2, 3, 4)); // Output: 10

4. Nullish Coalescing Operator (??)

• Returns the right-hand operand if the left-hand operand is null or undefined.
• Example:

  let user = null;
  let username = user ?? "Guest";
  console.log(username); // Output: Guest

5. Optional Chaining Operator (?.)

• Prevents errors when accessing nested properties that may not exist.
• Example:

  let person = { name: "Alice", address: { city: "New York" } };
  console.log(person.address?.city); // Output: New York
  console.log(person.contact?.phone); // Output: undefined (no error)

6. Comma Operator (,)

• Evaluates multiple expressions and returns the last one.
• Example:

  let a = (1, 2, 3);
  console.log(a); // Output: 3

7. typeof Operator

• Returns the type of a variable.
• Example:

  console.log(typeof 42); // Output: "number"
  console.log(typeof "Hello"); // Output: "string"
  console.log(typeof undefined); // Output: "undefined"

8. instanceof Operator

• Checks if an object is an instance of a specific class.
• Example:

  class Car {}
  let myCar = new Car();
  console.log(myCar instanceof Car); // Output: true

9. in Operator

• Checks if a property exists in an object.
• Example:

  let obj = { name: "Alice", age: 25 };
  console.log("name" in obj); // Output: true
  console.log("gender" in obj); // Output: false

10. delete Operator

• Removes a property from an object.
• Example:

  let obj = { name: "Alice", age: 25 };
  delete obj.age;
  console.log(obj); // Output: { name: "Alice" }